Ochrana práv duševne chorých osôb pri nútenom poskytovaní zdravotnej starostlivosti
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Abstract
Právna úprava týkajúca sa poskytovania zdravotnej starostlivosti umožňuje v osobitných prípadoch jej poskytnutie aj bez informovaného súhlasu pacienta. Z pohľadu ochrany osobnostných práv fyzickej osoby je nevyhnutné, aby zákonodarcom prijatá hmotnoprávna a procesnoprávna úprava podmienok „nútenej“ zdravotnej starostlivosti vykazovala nielen ústavnoprávnu konformitu, ale aby rešpektovala aj ducha Dohovoru o ochrane ľudských práva (Rím, 1950). Najviac pertraktovaným dôvodom pre nútene poskytovanú zdravotnú starostlivosť je prítomnosť psychickej choroby pacienta, v dôsledku ktorej je pacient nebezpečný sebe alebo svojmu okoliu. Samotná existencia duševnej poruchy bez prítomnosti ďalších zákonom vyžadovaných symptómov neoprávňuje poskytovateľa zdravotnej starostlivosti fyzickú osobu zadržať a poskytnúť jej zdravotnú starostlivosť. Zákonnosť zadržania je determinovaná splnením nielen hmotnoprávnych znakov, ale rovnako dodržaním procesných podmienok detencie. V zahraničných právnych úpravách je ochrana spoločnosti pred osobami s psychickými chorobami zabezpečená nielen ich detenciou, ale aj špeciálnymi obmedzeniami, ktoré sú efektívne a nedosahujú takú intenzitu zásahu do osobnostných práv pacienta. Platná a účinná právna úprava detencie v Slovenskej republike v určitých bodoch vytvára priestor pre jej zneužitie v neprospech pacienta. Uvedené si vyžaduje, aby zákonodarca spresnil dôvody pre detenciu a predovšetkým aby činnosť poskytovateľa podriadil kontrole iného nezávislého subjektu, ktorý posúdi, či navrhovaná liečba v najlepšom záujme zadržaného pacienta.
Abstract
Legal regulation on provision of health care makes it possible in exceptional cases, to provide health care without the patient’s informed consent. From the perspective of protection of personal rights of a natural person it is necessary that the substantive law and procedural law legal regulation of terms and conditions relating to "forced" medical care not only complies with the Constitution, but also respects the spirit of the Convention for the protection of human rights (Rome, 1950). The most frequently mentioned reason for forcibly administered medical treatment is the presence of the patient’s mental illness, in consequence of which the patient is dangerous for himself, or his environment. The actual existence of mental illness without the presence of other statutory required symptoms does not authorize a provider of medical care to detain a natural person and provide him with medical treatment. Legality of detention is determined not only by compliance with substantive law elements, but also by observance of procedural terms of detention. In foreign legal regulations the protection of society against persons with mental illnesses is secured not only by their detention, but also through special restrictions, which are efficient and do not attain such intensity of encroachment upon the personal rights of a patient. The legislation in force and effect, which regulates detention in Slovak Republic, in certain respects creates space for its misuse to the detriment of a patient. The above mentioned requires the legislator to specify in more detail the reasons for detention and most of all subject the provider’s activity to supervision of another independent entity, which will evaluate, whether the proposed treatment is in the best interest of a detained patient.
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