Hodnota lidského života
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Abstract
Abstrakt: Jaká je hodnota života, či poněkud specifičtěji, jaká je hodnota lidského života? Podle nauky o posvátnosti lidského života má každý lidský život svou vnitřní hodnotu, tato teorie však v současné bioetice rozhodně nepředstavuje ortodoxii. John Harris je jedním ze zastánců nové teorie hodnoty lidského života (především ve své publikaci The Value of Life), podle níž jsou vnitřně hodnotné pouze osoby. Osoby se definují jako bytosti - lidského či jiného druhu - schopné vyšších kognitivních funkcí, které díky tomu mohou hodnotit svůj vlastní život (vědomí sebe sama je nutnou podmínkou osoby) a mohou si přát dále žít. Hlavním cílem této kritické studie je zhodnocení Harrisových argumentů. V první části se odhaluje obecná logická struktura jeho argumentace a zdůrazňují se její důsledky pro některá témata současné bioetiky (interrupce, infanticida, eutanazie). V druhé části práce se odhalují nedostatky Harrisova myšlení. Ukazuje se, že jeho argumentace je kruhová, předpokládá teorii, kterou se snaží odvodit. Studie uzavírá, že Harrisova teorie hodnoty lidského života je nesprávná a nevhodná pro současnou bioetickou diskusi.
Abstract: What is the value of life? Or more specifically, what is the value of human life? According to the doctrine of the sanctity of human life, all human beings are intrinsically valuable, but this theory is far from being orthodoxy in current bioethics. John Harris is one of the advocates of the new theory of the value of human life (mainly in his book The Value of Life), according to which intrinsically valuable are only persons. Persons are beings -human or not--capable of higher mental functions that consequently can value their own life (self-consciousness is a necessary condition for personhood) and can have the desire to go on living.The overall aim of this critical study is to go into Harris's arguments in some depth. In the first part the general logical structure of Harris's argumentation is put forward and its consequences for current bioethical issues (abortion, infanticide, euthanasia) are pointed up. In the second part two fatal flaws of Harris's thoughts are exposed. It is showed that his argumentation is circular, it presupposes theory it aims to develop. The article concludes by stating that as fatally flawed, Harris's theory of the value of human life is unjustified and inadequate for dealing with current bioethical issues.
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