Infanticida - etické aspekty ve světle doporučení Nuffield Council on Bioethics a její právní úprava v anglickém common law
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Abstract
Abstrakt:
Rozvoj v oblasti prenatální a neonatální medicíny stále častěji umožňuje dětem, které by bývaly zemřely, aby přežily a vedly zdravý život. Stejný pokrok ve vědě zároveň opakovaně vyvolává etická, sociální a právní dilemata pro ty rodiny a zdravotnické profesionály, kteří jsou postaveni před komplexní volby, které mohou mít celoživotní následky nejen pro samotné dítě, ale i pro jejich okolí. Stále znovu se objevují otázky týkající se hodnoty lidského života v různých fázích jeho vývoje, rozdílu mezi aktivním ukončením lidského života a smrtí, jež je následkem nezapočetí života zachraňující léčby nebo odstoupení od ní, a balancování mezi nejlepším zájmem dotčeného dítěte, jeho rodičů a potřeb dalších sociálních skupin. Ve Spojeném království se od počátku osmdesátých let objevují případy zabývající se otázkou, za jakých podmínek je přípustné, aby rodiče, lékaři případně soudy rozhodly, že by těžce malformovaným dětem neměla být poskytnuta život zachraňující léčba. Článek se zabývá nejen analýzou některých případů z prostředí britského soudnictví, ale také doporučením Nuffield Council on Bioethics v souvislosti s touto problematikou. Představuje nejčastější dilemata, která se objevují v praxi a to, jakým způsobem jsou řešeny v rovině právní v souladu anglickým common law.
Abstract:
Development in fetal and neonatal medicine enabled children who previously would have died to survive and lead healthy lives. The same developments also arise ethical, social and legal dilemmas for those families and health professionals who are faced with complex decisions that may have lifelong consequences not only for the children but also for their relatives. The ethical issues concern the value of human life at different stages of development, distinction between active ending of life and death resulting from withholding or withdrawing care or balancing the interests of affected children, their families and needs of other social groups. In the United Kingdom there have been several cases since early 1980s which centred on issue as to whether there are circumstances that permit parents, doctors or the courts to take a decision that a severly malformed children should not be provided with life-saving treatment. The paper provides a brief legal analysis of several British cases and also analysis of Nuffield Council on Bioethics guidelines regarding this issue from an ethical point of view. It introduces the most common dilemmas which occure in practice and the way these dilemmas are solved under English common law.
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